Canopies and Tents

Indiana code applies to your tent or canopy.

The code is summarized in our policy below.

There is also a PowerPoint presentation available.

All tents obtained by any IU unit must be obtained through Procurement Services (Purchasing).

To schedule a required (unless otherwise told by INLOCC) inspection, submit the form at https://iuinlocc-fireform.eas.iu.edu/online/form/authen/tents  at least 10 days before your event.

If you have questions or need fire extinguishers, contact:

• IUB: Scott Gillespie 812-856-7407
• IUPUI: Rodney Johnson 317-534-8444
• IUS, IUE, IUC, Bradford Woods: Rick Knapp 812–856–1824
• IUN, IUSB, IUK: Jim Schuster 574-520-4199
• All other locations: Mel Lane 812–855–6341

Important flags for action include:

• Is the size of the tent/membrane structure  400 s.f. or more?
• Is the tent more than 15,000 s.f.?
• Do you expect 50 or more people?
• Will the tent be in place 30 or more consecutive days?
• All portions of the tent must be within 150’ of a hard–surfaced or stone roadway.
• All portions of the tent must be at least 20’ from any property line.
• Will there be combustibles such as hay or straw in the tent?
• “No Smoking” signs are required.
• Will there be any cooking or open flames?
• Extinguishers may be required.
• Will L.P. gas be present?
• Will a motor vehicle be inside?
• You must have trash receptacles and the premises kept clear of rubbish.

We urge all users of tents to read the information below.

This applies to ALL tents on IU properties.

Please review the document completely and note the sections that will apply to your particular use of the tent or other membrane structure. These are the standards the inspector will be using to determine the structure's compliance or lack thereof. All tents and other membrane structures shall be in compliance prior to approval for use.

To schedule a required (unless otherwise told by INLOCC) inspection, submit the form at https://iuinlocc-fireform.eas.iu.edu/online/form/index/TENTS at least 10 days before your event.

Indiana Fire Code

CHAPTER 31 — TENTS AND OTHER MEMBRANE STRUCTURES

3101.1 Scope. Except as otherwise provided in Sections 3104.7, 3104.15.5, and 3104.15.6, tents and membrane structures having an area in excess of 400 square feet shall be in accordance with Chapter 31.

Exception: Tents and membrane structures used exclusively for recreational camping purposes.

3102.1 Definitions.

The following terms are defined in Chapter 2:

AIR—INFLATED STRUCTURE.
air—supported STRUCTURE.
COMMERCIAL FOOD HEAT PROCESSING
APPLIANCES. See the Indiana Mechanical Code.

COOKING. Cooking means to prepare food using processes such as: boiling, roasting, baking, broiling, and frying by a method of exposure to flame or heat that prepares food suitable for consumption.

MEMBRANE STRUCTURE.
OPEN OR EXPOSED FLAME EQUIPMENT.
TENT.

SECTION 3103 TEMPORARY TENTS AND MEMBRANE STRUCTURES

3103.1 General. All temporary tents and membrane structures shall comply with this section.

3103.2 Notification required.

The fire department having jurisdiction (for all IU campuses, notify INLOCC using the addresses at the top of this document) shall be notified when tents and membrane structures having an area in excess of 400 sq. ft. (37 m2) are erected, operated, or maintained for any purpose.

3103.3 Place of assembly.

For the purposes of this chapter, a place of assembly shall include a circus, carnival, tent show, theater, skating rink, dance hall or other place of assembly in or under which persons gather for any purpose. A tent, temporary membrane structure, air–supported or air–inflated structure with an occupant load of 50 or more shall be considered a place of assembly. Open or exposed flame equipment shall not be permitted in a place of assembly.

3103.5 Use period.

Temporary tents, air–supported, air–inflated or tensioned membrane structures shall not be erected for a period of more than thirty (30) days within a 12–month period on a single premises.

3103.6 Construction documents.

A detailed site and floor plan for tents or membrane structures with an occupant load of 50 or more shall be provided to the fire department having jurisdiction. The tent or membrane structure floor plan shall indicate details of the means of egress facilities, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating and location and type of heating and electrical equipment.

3103.7 Inspections.

The entire tent, air–supported, air–inflated or tensioned membrane structure system shall be inspected at regular intervals, but not less than one time per use period, by the owner or agent to determine that the installation is maintained in accordance with this chapter.

3103.7.1 Inspection report. An inspection report shall be made available to the fire department having jurisdiction and shall consist of maintenance, anchors, and fabric inspections.

3103.8 Access, location and parking.

Access, location and parking for temporary tents and membrane structures shall be in accordance with this section.

3103.8.1 Access. Fire apparatus access roads shall be provided in accordance with Section 503 and shall extend to within 150 feet of all portions of the structure.

3103.8.2 Location.

Temporary membrane structures, tents, air–supported or air–inflated structures shall not be located within twenty (20) feet of lot lines, buildings, other temporary membrane structures, other tents, parked vehicles, or internal combustion engines. For purposes of determining required distances, support ropes and guy wires shall be considered as part of the temporary membrane structure or tent.

Exceptions:

1. When the aggregate floor area does not exceed 15,000 square feet, separation distance between temporary membrane structures, and tents, in which open or exposed flame equipment is not used, and lot lines, buildings, other temporary membrane structures, other tents, parked vehicles, or internal combustion engines is not required.

2. Temporary membrane structures and tents need not be separated from buildings when all of the following conditions are met:

2.1 The aggregate floor area of the temporary membrane structure or tent shall not exceed 10,000 square feet.

2.2 The aggregate floor area of the building and temporary membrane structure or tent shall not exceed the allowable floor area including increases in the Indiana Building Code.

2.3 All required exiting provisions for the building and the temporary membrane structure, or tent, including travel distance.

2.4 Fire apparatus access roads are provided in accordance with Section 503.

3.3 Membrane structures and tents with an aggregate area of 400 sq. ft. or less, used for open or exposed flame cooking shall be separated from buildings, tents, parked vehicles or internal combustion engines by a minimum distance of ten (10) feet.

3103.8.3 Location of structures in excess of 15,000 square feet in area.

Tents, air–supported, air inflated, or tensioned membrane structures having a single structure area in excess of 15,000 square feet shall be located not less than fifty (50) feet from other tents or structures as measured from the side wall of the tent unless joined by a corridor.

3103.8.4 Membrane structures on buildings.

Membrane structures that are erected on buildings, balconies, decks or other structures shall be regulated as permanent membrane structures in accordance with Section 3102 of the Indiana Building Code.

3103.8.5 Connecting corridors.

Tents, air–supported, air–inflated, or tensioned membrane structures having a single structure area in excess of 15,000 square feet are allowed to be joined by means of a corridor. Exits shall be provided at each end of such corridor. On each side of such corridor and approximately opposite each other, there shall be provided openings not less than twelve (12) feet wide.

3103.8.6 Fire break.

Temporary membrane structures, tents, air–inflated and air–supported structures where the aggregate floor area is in excess of 15,000 square feet shall have an unobstructed fire break passageway or fire road not less than twelve (12) feet wide and free from guy ropes or other obstructions and shall be maintained on all sides of all tents, air–supported, air–inflated, or tensioned membrane structures.

3103.9 Anchorage required.

Tents or membrane structures and their appurtenances shall be adequately roped, braced and anchored to withstand the elements of weather and prevent against collapsing. Documentation of structural stability shall be furnished to the fire code official on request.

3103.10 Temporary air–supported and air–inflated membrane structures.

Temporary air–supported and air–inflated membrane structures shall be in accordance with Sections 3103.10.1 through 3103.10.4.

3103.10.1 Door operation.

During high winds exceeding 50 miles per hour (22 m/s) or in snow conditions, the use of doors in air–supported structures shall be controlled to avoid excessive air loss. Doors shall not be left open.

3103.10.2 Fabric envelope design and construction.

Air–supported and air–inflated structures shall have the design and construction of the fabric envelope and the method of anchoring in accordance with Architectural Fabric Structures Institute ASI 77.

3103.10.3 Blowers.

An air–supported structure used as a place of assembly shall be furnished with not less than two blowers, each of which has adequate capacity to maintain full inflation pressure with normal leakage. The design of the blower shall be so as to provide integral limiting pressure at the design pressure specified by the manufacturer.

3103.10.4 Auxiliary power.

Places of public assembly for more than 200 persons shall be furnished with either a fully automatic auxiliary engine–generator set capable of powering one blower continuously for 4 hours, or a supplementary blower powered by an internal combustion engine which shall be automatic in operation.

3103.11 Seating arrangements.

Seating in tents or membrane structures shall be in accordance with Chapter 10.
Width ____ X Length ____ = Sq. ft. _____
Sq. ft. _____ Divided by occupant load factor (Table 1004.1.2) ______ = Occupant Load _____
Assembly without fixed seats
Concentrated (chairs only—not fixed) = 7 net
Standing space = 5 net
Unconcentrated (tables and chairs) = 15 net
Mercantile
Basement and grade floor areas = 30 gross

3103.12 Means of egress.

Means of egress for temporary tents and membrane structures shall be in accordance with Sections 3103.12.1 through 3103.12.8.

3103.12.1 Distribution.

Exits shall be spaced at approximately equal intervals around the perimeter of the tent or membrane structure, and shall be located such that all points are 100 feet (30 480 mm) or less from an exit.

3103.12.2 Number.

Tents, or membrane structures or a usable portion thereof shall have at least one exit and not less than the number of exits required by Table 3103.12.2. The total width of means of egress in inches (mm) shall not be less than the total occupant load served by a means of egress multiplied by 0.2 inches (5 mm) per person.

3103.12.3 Exit openings from tents.

Exit openings from tents shall remain open unless covered by a flame–resistant curtain. The curtain shall comply with the following requirements:

1. Curtains shall be free sliding on a metal support. The support shall be a minimum of 80 inches (2032 mm) above the floor level at the exit. The curtains shall be so arranged that, when open, no part of the curtain obstructs the exit.

2. Curtains shall be of a color, or colors, that contrasts with the color of the tent.

TABLE 3103.12.2

MINIMUM NUMBER OF MEANS OF EGRESS AND MEANS OF EGRESS WIDTHS FROM TEMPORARY MEMBRANE STRUCTURES AND TENTS

3103.12.4 Doors.

Exit doors shall swing in the direction of exit travel. To avoid hazardous air and pressure loss in air supported membrane structures, such doors shall be automatic closing against operating pressures. Opening force at the door edge shall not exceed 15 pounds (66 N).

3103.12.5 Aisle.

The width of aisles without fixed seating shall be in accordance with the following:

1. In areas serving employees only, the minimum aisle width shall be 24 inches (610 mm) but not less than the width required by the number of employees served.

2. In public areas, smooth–surfaced, unobstructed aisles having a minimum width of not less than 44 inches (1118 mm) shall be provided from seating areas, and aisles shall be progressively increased in width to provide, at all points, not less than 1 foot (305 mm) of aisle width for each 50 persons served by such aisle at that point.

3103.12.5.1 Arrangement and maintenance.

The arrangement of aisles shall be maintained clear at all times during occupancy. A plan indicating the exit ways, aisles, and seating shall be provided to the fire department having jurisdiction, and a copy shall be maintained on the premises.

3103.12.6 Exit signs.

Exits shall be clearly marked. Exit signs shall be installed at required exit doorways and where otherwise necessary to indicate clearly the direction of egress when the exit serves an occupant load of 50 or more.

3103.12.6.1 Exit sign illumination. Exit signs shall be either listed and labeled in accordance with UL 924 as the internally illuminated type and used in accordance with the listing or shall be externally illuminated by luminaires supplied in the following manner:

1. Two separate circuits, one of which shall be separate from all other circuits, for occupant loads of 300 or less; or

2. Two separate sources of power, one of which shall be an approved emergency system, shall be provided when the occupant load exceeds 300. Emergency systems shall be supplied from storage batteries or from the on–site generator set, and the system shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 70. The emergency system provided shall have a minimum duration of 90 minutes when operated at full design demand.

3103.12.7 Means of egress illumination.

Means of egress illumination shall be installed at required exit doorways and where otherwise necessary to indicate clearly the direction of egress when the exit serves an occupant load of fifty (50) or more. Means of egress shall be illuminated with light having an intensity of not less than one foot candle (11 lux) at floor level while the structure is occupied. Fixtures required for means of egress illumination shall be supplied from a separate circuit or source of power.

3103.12.8 Maintenance of means of egress.

The required width of exits, aisles and passageways shall be maintained at all times to a public way. Guy wires, guy ropes and other support members shall not cross a means of egress at a height of less than 8 feet (2438 mm). The surface of means of egress shall be maintained in an approved manner.

SECTION 3104: TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT TENTS AND MEMBRANE STRUCTURES

3104.1 General.

All tents and membrane structures, both temporary and permanent, shall be in accordance with this section. Permanent tents and membrane structures shall also comply with the Indiana Building Code.

3104.2 Flame propagation performance treatment.

The owner or agent shall file with the fire code official a certificate executed by an approved testing laboratory certifying that the tents and membrane structures and their appurtenances; sidewalls, drops and tarpaulins; floor coverings, bunting and combustible decorative materials and effects, including sawdust when used on floors or passageways, are composed of material meeting the flame propagation performance criteria of NFPA 701 or shall be treated with a flame retardant in an approved manner and meet the flame propagation performance criteria of NFPA 701, and that such flame propagation performance criteria are effective for the period specified.

3104.3 Label.

Membrane structures or tents shall have a permanently affixed label bearing the identification of size and fabric or material type.

3104.5 Combustible materials.

Hay, straw, shavings or similar combustible materials shall not be located within any tent or membrane structure containing an assembly occupancy, except the materials necessary for the daily feeding and care of animals. Sawdust and shavings utilized for a public performance or exhibit shall not be prohibited provided the sawdust and shavings are kept damp. Combustible materials shall not be permitted under stands or seats at any time.

3104.6 Smoking.

Smoking shall not be permitted in tents or membrane structures. Approved “No Smoking” signs shall be conspicuously posted in accordance with Section 310.

3104.7 Open or exposed flame.

Open flame or other devices emitting flame, fire or heat or any flammable or combustible liquids, gas, charcoal or other cooking device or any other unapproved devices shall not be permitted inside or located within 10 feet of the tent or membrane structures while open to the public.

Exception: Open or exposed flame equipment emitting flame that is visible during the ordinary use of the equipment shall be permitted in temporary membrane structures or tents having an aggregate floor area of 400 square feet or less.

Surfaces subject to oil or grease deposits shall be cleaned at intervals frequently enough to prevent oil or grease deposits from exceeding a thickness of twenty–five thousandths (0.025) inch.

3104.8 Fireworks.

Fireworks shall not be used within 100 feet (30 480 mm) of tents or membrane structures.

3104.9 Spot lighting.

Spot or effect lighting shall only be by electricity, and all combustible construction located within 6 feet (1829 mm) of such equipment shall be protected with approved noncombustible insulation not less than 9 1/4 inches (235 mm) thick.

3104.10 Safety film.

Motion pictures shall not be displayed in tents or membrane structures unless the motion picture film is safety film.

3104.11 Clearance.

There shall be a minimum clearance of at least 3 feet (914 mm) between the fabric envelope and all contents located inside membrane structures.

3104.12 Portable fire extinguishers.

Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided as required by Section 906.

906.1 General. Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed and maintained in occupancies and locations as set forth in this code and as may be required by local ordinance.

906.4 Cooking grease fires.

Fire extinguishers provided for the protection of cooking grease fires shall be of an approved type compatible with the automatic fire–extinguishing system agent and in accordance with Section 904.11.5.

904.11.5 Portable fire extinguishers for commercial cooking equipment.

Portable fire extinguishers shall be provided within a 30–foot (9144 mm) travel distance of commercial–type cooking equipment. Cooking equipment involving vegetable or animal oils and fats shall be protected by a Class K rated portable extinguisher.

904.11.5.1 Portable fire extinguishers for solid fuel cooking appliances.

All solid fuel cooking appliances, whether or not under a hood, with fireboxes 5 cubic feet (0.14 m3) or less in volume shall have a minimum 2.5–gallon (9 L) or two 1.5–gallon (6 L) Class K wet–chemical portable fire extinguishers located in accordance with Section 904.11.5.

904.11.5.2 Class K portable fire extinguishers for deep fat fryers.

When hazard areas include deep fat fryers, listed Class K portable fire extinguishers shall be provided as follows:

1. For up to four fryers having a maximum cooking medium capacity of 80 pounds (36.3 kg) each: One Class K portable fire extinguisher of a minimum 1.5 gallon (6 L) capacity.

2. For every additional group of four fryers having a maximum cooking medium capacity of 80 pounds (36.3 kg) each: One additional Class K portable fire extinguisher of a minimum 1.5 gallon (6 L) capacity shall be provided.

3. For individual fryers exceeding 6 square feet (0.55 m2) in surface area: Class K portable fire extinguishers shall be installed in accordance with the extinguisher manufacturer’s recommendations.

906.5 Conspicuous location.

Portable fire extinguishers shall be located in conspicuous locations where they will be readily accessible and immediately available for use. These locations shall be along normal paths of travel, unless the fire code official determines that the hazard posed indicates the need for placement away from normal paths of travel.

906.6 Unobstructed and unobscured.

Portable fire extinguishers shall not be obstructed or obscured from view. In rooms or areas in which visual obstruction cannot be completely avoided, means shall be provided to indicate the locations of extinguishers.

906.7 Hangers and brackets.

Hand–held portable fire extinguishers, not housed in cabinets, shall be installed on the hangers or brackets supplied. Hangers or brackets shall be securely anchored to the mounting surface in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation instructions.

906.8 Cabinets.

Cabinets used to house portable fire extinguishers shall not be locked. Exceptions:

1. Where portable fire extinguishers subject to malicious use or damage are provided with a means of ready access.

2. In Group I–3 occupancies and in mental health areas in Group I–2 occupancies, access to portable fire extinguishers shall be permitted to be locked or to be located in staff locations provided the staff has keys.

906.9 Height above floor.

Portable fire extinguishers having a gross weight not exceeding 40 pounds (18 kg) shall be installed so that its top is not more than 5 feet (1524 mm) above the floor.

Hand–held portable fire extinguishers having a gross weight exceeding 40 pounds (18 kg) shall be installed so that its top is not more than 3.5 feet (1067 mm) above the floor.

The clearance between the floor and the bottom of installed hand–held extinguishers shall not be less than 4 inches (102 mm).

3104.14 Occupant load factors.

The occupant load allowed in an assembly structure, or portion thereof, shall be determined in accordance with Chapter 10.

3104.15 Heating and cooking equipment.

Heating and cooking equipment shall be in accordance with Sections 3104.15.1 through 3104.15.7.

3104.15.1 Installation. Heating or cooking equipment, tanks, piping, hoses, fittings, valves, tubing and other related components shall be installed as specified in the Indiana Mechanical Code and the Indiana Fuel Gas Code, in effect at the time the equipment is installed.

3104.15.2 Venting.

Gas, liquid and solid fuel–burning equipment designed to be vented shall be vented to the outside air as specified in the Indiana Fuel Gas Code and the Indiana Mechanical Code in effect at the time the equipment is installed. Such vents shall be equipped with approved spark arresters having openings not exceeding one–fourth (1/4) inch (six and four–tenths (6.4) mm) wire mesh. Where vents or flues are used, all portions of the tent or membrane structure shall be not less than 12 inches (305 mm) from the flue or vent.

3104.15.3 Location.

Cooking and heating equipment shall not be located within 10 feet (3048 mm) of exits or combustible materials.

3104.15.4 Operations.

Operations such as warming of foods, cooking demonstrations and similar operations that use solid flammables, butane or other similar devices which do not pose an ignition hazard, shall be approved.

3104.15.5 Cooking tents.

Tents with sidewalls or drops where cooking is performed shall be separated from other tents or membrane structures by a minimum of ten (10) feet (6096 mm).

3104.15.6 Outdoor cooking.

Outdoor cooking that produces sparks or grease–laden vapors shall not be performed within ten (10) feet (6096 mm) of a tent or membrane structure.

3104.15.7 Electrical heating and cooking equipment.

Electrical cooking and heating equipment shall comply with NFPA 70.

3104.16 LP–gas.

The storage, handling and use of LP–gas and LP–gas equipment shall be in accordance with Sections 3104.16.1 through 3104.16.3.

3104.16.1 General.

LP–gas equipment such as tanks, piping, hoses, fittings, valves, tubing and other related components shall be approved and in accordance with Chapter 61 and with the Indiana Fuel Gas Code.

3104.16.2 Location of containers.

LP–gas containers shall be located outside. Safety release valves shall be pointed away from the tent or membrane structure.

3104.16.2.1 Containers 500 gallons or less.

Portable LP–gas containers of 500 gallons or less capacity shall have a minimum separation between the container and any fuel–operated device, including, without limitation, LP–gas, gasoline, electric, wood, coal, or charcoal fueled equipment of not less than ten (10) feet, but in no event shall the container be located within or under the tent, or temporary membrane structure.

3104.16.3 Protection and security.

Portable LP–gas containers, piping, valves and fittings which are located outside and are being used to fuel equipment inside a tent or membrane structure shall be adequately protected to prevent tampering, damage by vehicles or other hazards and shall be located in an approved location. Portable LP–gas containers shall be securely fastened in place to prevent unauthorized movement.

3104.17 Flammable and combustible liquids.

The storage of flammable and combustible liquids and the use of flammable–Liquid–fueled equipment shall be in accordance with Sections 3104.17.1 through 3104.17.3.

3104.17.1 Use.

Flammable–liquid–fueled equipment shall not be used in tents or membrane structures.

3104.17.2 Flammable and combustible liquid storage.

Flammable and combustible liquids shall be stored outside in an approved manner not less than 50 feet (15 240 mm) from tents or membrane structures. Storage shall be in accordance with Chapter 57.

3104.17.3 Refueling.

Refueling shall be performed in an approved location not less than 20 feet (6096 mm) from tents or membrane structures.

3104.18 Display of motor vehicles.

Liquid–and gas–fueled vehicles and equipment used for display within tents or membrane structures shall be in accordance with Sections 3104.18.1 through 3104.18.5.3.

3104.18.1 Batteries.

Batteries shall be disconnected in an appropriate manner.

3104.18.2 Fuel.

Vehicles or equipment shall not be fueled or defueled within the tent or membrane structure.

3104.18.2.1 Quantity limit.

Fuel in the fuel tank shall not exceed one–quarter of the tank capacity or 5 gallons (19 L), whichever is less.

3104.18.2.2 Inspection.

Fuel systems shall be inspected for leaks.

3104.18.2.3 Closure.

Fuel tank openings shall be locked and sealed to prevent the escape of vapors.

3104.18.3 Location.

The location of vehicles or equipment shall not obstruct means of egress.

3104.18.4 Places of assembly.

When a compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LP–gas) powered vehicle is parked inside a place of assembly, all the following conditions shall be met:

1. The quarter–turn shutoff valve or other shutoff valve on the outlet of the CNG or LP–gas container shall be closed and the engine shall be operated until it stops. Valves shall remain closed while the vehicle is indoors.

2. The hot lead of the battery shall be disconnected.

3. Dual–fuel vehicles equipped to operate on gasoline and CNG or LP–gas shall comply with this section and Sections 3104.18.1 through 3104.18.5.3 for gasoline–powered vehicles.

3104.18.5 Competitions and demonstrations.

Liquid and gas–fueled vehicles and equipment used for competition or demonstration within a tent or membrane structure shall comply with Sections 3104.18.5.1 through 3104.18.5.3.

3104.18.5.1 Fuel storage.

Fuel for vehicles or equipment shall be stored in approved containers in an approved location outside of the structure in accordance with Section 3104.17.2.

3104.18.5.2 Fueling.

Refueling shall be performed outside of the structure in accordance with Section 3104.17.3.

3104.18.5.3 Spills.

Fuel spills shall be cleaned up immediately.

3104.19 Separation of generators.

Generators and other internal combustion power sources shall be separated from tents or membrane structures by a minimum of 20 feet (6096 mm) and shall be isolated from contact with the public by fencing, enclosure or other approved means.

3104.20 Standby personnel.

When, in the opinion of the fire code official, it is essential for public safety in a tent or membrane structure used as a place of assembly or any other use where people congregate, because of the number of persons, or the nature of the performance, exhibition, display, contest or activity, the owner, agent or lessee shall employ one or more qualified persons, as required and approved, to remain on duty during the times such places are open to the public, or when such activity is being conducted.

3104.20.1 Duties.

Before each performance or the start of such activity, standby personnel shall keep diligent watch for fires during the time such place is open to the public or such activity is being conducted and take prompt measures for extinguishment of fires that occur and assist in the evacuation of the public from the structure.

3104.20.2 Crowd managers.

There shall be trained crowd managers or crowd manager/supervisors at a ratio of one crowd manager/supervisor for every 250 occupants, as approved.

3104.21 Combustible vegetation.

Combustible vegetation that could create a fire hazard shall be removed from the area occupied by a tent or membrane structure, and from areas within 30 feet (9144 mm) of such structures.

3104.22 Combustible waste material.

The floor surface inside tents or membrane structures and the grounds outside and within a 30–foot (9144 mm) perimeter shall be kept free of combustible waste and other combustible materials that could create a fire hazard. Such waste shall be stored in approved containers and removed from the premises at least once a day during the period the structure is occupied by the Public.